What Is Meant By Identity Essay - 2259 Words

What is meant by Identity? Identity is a universal characteristic of which one can be recognized. Factors like race, gender, sexuality, family or social class are used to recognize one’s identity. These identities makes up who we are as a person and who we want to be in future. Identities shape a person that help them get through the journey to their dream and life. In the society we live in, there is a constant interaction between gender identity and a person’s race. The society we live in, there are several roles and expectations that we should act for us to be feminine or masculine. The traits that the society usually associate with being a woman are being dependent, emotional, weak and graceful. Women are supposed to be delicate and soft. Whenever the women show anger, people start seeing them as a â€Å"bitch.† Showing the anger and frustration, somehow shows the traits and behavior of males that are almost never associated with being a women. Women are seen as a weak human being. But, when men show their anger and their aggression, they are rewarded for that. They are seen as powerful. For some reason, when men show their anger, it’s okay or it’s acceptable in the eyes of the society, but when women show their emotions they are seen as weak. Here you can see how the society treats or expects both gender to act like. For instance, when a girl goes out in night alone, they are seen as vulnerable. Our parents have always ta ught the girls/women not to go out alone in theShow MoreRelatedIdentity, By Toni Morrison s Sula1441 Words   |  6 PagesIdentity is who a person is or how they see themselves, but is this something they are born with or is it something they learn over time? Can this identity be changed? Or is it permanent once set? Identity is a major theme in Toni Morrison’s Sula. Scholars discuss the different identities that the characters possess, but tend to fail to mention character development or lack of character development. Character development or lack thereof is usually an important literary move in most writing. ThisRead MoreAnalysis Of Donald Creighton s The Empire Of The St. Lawrence723 Words   |  3 Pageselement of history, an important factor in the development of Canadian identity and the process in achieving the ultimate â€Å"dream of western commercial empire† (7) to Canada. By using many literary devices and techniques- repetition, personification, paralleli sm and language shifts- Creighton emphasizes the St. Lawrence’s importance and value to Canada. â€Å"The river meant mobility† (3), â€Å"the river meant transportation† (8), â€Å"the river meant movement† (6) writes Creighton on the St. Lawrence. With repetitionRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1466 Words   |  6 PagesIdentity is something that separates one person from another. Everyone has his or her own personal identity. 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Rather than their skin color, it was the hardships they faced that defineRead MoreEssay Comparison of the Social Network and the Catcher in the Rye1111 Words   |  5 PagesNetwork and J. D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye, a story of two young men, Holden Caulfield and Mark Zuckerberg face many difficulties and ultimately are very vulnerable souls. The dilemmas that Holden and Mark face are alienation, betrayal and identity. Fincher and Salinger both use many techniques in order to highlight these dilemmas, including setting, the theme of friendship/loyalty and symbolism. Fincher and Salinger both expose their protagonist’s dilemmas of alienation and isolation fromRead MoreThe Effects Of Education On Identity : How Does Education Form And Challenge A Person s Identity?1527 Words   |  7 PagesMadison VanGelder EN 211 E Dr. Jaspal K. Singh 11/10/14 The Effects of Education on Identity Question: How does education form and challenge a person’s identity? 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What is meant by diversity? Diversity can be differences in religion, race, beliefs and so on. We all are different, there is no the same person in the world, so we should respect each other’s differences and cooperate. 2. Describe the community you live in. Highlight some of the variations you may observe in terms of: Interests Beliefs Ages Lifestyles Personal, social and cultural identities. We live in mixed community. All peopleRead MoreThe Gay Script : When Teenagers Link Their Identity898 Words   |  4 Pagesscript: when teenagers link their identity to homosexuality Despite someone’s own convictions about homosexuality, it is important to remind that rather than imposing personal beliefs, a Christian therapist is there to assist and help these teenagers to choose what the best is for them by presenting all the possible alternatives for their future. As we have seen, the most pressing option for a young person who experiences same-sex attraction is to form a gay identity. 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Quinceanera free essay sample

The Quinceanera is a traditional celebration of life and gratitude to God on the occasion of the fifteenth birthday of a young Hispanic girl. It is one of the most important celebrations for Latina Girls. The purpose of a Quinceanera is to mark the passage from youth into womanhood in a young woman’s life through ceremony and celebration. It provides a day to honor and acknowledge the traditions of the Hispanic and Catholic Culture and the important transition that every young woman experiences as she matures, both in the eyes of society and in her own life. The author discusses the quince from many different perspectives. Quinceanera’s can be very elaborate events, often involving preparation a year in advance of the actual fate, and can cost as much a wedding ceremony. The quince ceremony is an opportunity to define their self-identity in the Hispanic community and to show that their daughter is a girl with values and that she is ready to become a woman, however this ritual should be simple and not be a way of showing off the families’ wealth and prestige in the community. We will write a custom essay sample on Quinceanera or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page According to traditional usage, Quinceanera’s have been a celebration only for young Hispanic women who are about to turn fifteen. One of the young girl who had her Quinceanera states that boys do not need Quinceanera’s as â€Å"boys are born men but girls turn into women† (58). This statement is backed up by her other friends. The Quinceanera is a tradition where the girl gives a speech, selects fifteen people of the most significance to her and celebrates her birthday with them along with many other family members and friends. The purpose of the ceremony is to remind the young woman about her religious responsibilities and her role as a woman. The Quinceanera celebration is like a rehearsal wedding without the groom† (49). During the Quinceanera ceremony the young girl will place a bouquet of flowers on the altar of the church as an offering. She will be given a crown, and the priest will recite passages from the bible about the importance of the crown. When the young woman enters the church she will wear a pair of flat shoes. Her father will switch these shoes for a pair of adult high heeled shoes. Many young women will be given a ring to symbolize the infinite circle of God’s love, which she will wear on her right hand ring finger. Sometimes a doll is given to the girl as a symbol of the last item she will receive as a child. It sends a clear message to the Latina girl, about what her family expects her to do, which is to get married and to devote herself to her family. It transforms a girl into a woman; it gives the young girl a sense of responsibility. Julia Alvarez states that according to her contact, â€Å"Isabella had found out that girls who had Quinceanera’s didn’t drop out of school, get pregnant and didn’t get into trouble (47). This is one of the main motives of the quince; to change their way of thinking in a more mature direction. The Quinceanera also strengthens their family’s relations. It is a time when the whole family comes together, like a family reunion and it gives the girl time to bond with the family, especially with her mother during the time of the preparation of the Quince. â€Å"The most important thing of this is to make the celebration yours, totally yours. † (47). During the time of the celebration, the whole family and all her friends and relatives focus on only the birthday girl; it’s her day, and all the effort is towards making that day memorable for the young girl. This makes the girl feel special, so special in fact that it often also changes their way of thinking and gives them a whole new perspective of seeing things. The Quinceanera provides an opportunity for the Latino community to reaffirm its identity as something that is both a part of, and separate from, the surrounding society. The Quinceanera’s are becoming expensive over the years. They used to be celebrated as a tradition for transformation of a young girl into her adulthood, but that is not the case anymore. They are becoming a status symbol for people. People want to spend more and more money for showing off their wealth in the society. The average cost of a Quinceanera today is about five thousand dollars, which is too high for a mediocre family. Spending that massive amount just for one night is not a compulsion but because of the trend that has been going on the families tend to spend those amounts even if they know it might lead the family into trouble. The Quinceanera, on the negative side, tend to force the families into debt. The Quinceanera can cost from anywhere from a hundred bucks to fifty five grand (54). But it is not the same anymore, due to the high expectations of the society and the status of their family they tend to spend more than thy can afford. Due to the society’s expectations to throw expensive and grand Quinceanera’s for their daughters, these have become more of an obligation than a tradition. The parties tend to show off the families wealth instead of focusing on the transformation of a girl into her womanhood. Quinceanera traditions exist to mark the transition into womanhood and not to show off the family’s wealth. Julia Alvarez states that girls would rather not have a quince than have an inexpensive one (62) as then the society would look down upon them. Monica Ramos, whose father was not working and whose family was staying in an apartment spent about $3000 on the celebration of their Quinceanera. They â€Å"threw their rented apartment out of the window† (55). This leads to a problem for the families in the later stage as they go into debt which they cannot come out of. Also in the text, Julia Alvarez mentions Patricia Saldarriaga, daughter of a mayor who was obligated to have a big quince party against her wish because of her father’s position. â€Å"The most important thing in a Quinceanera is to make the celebration yours, totally yours† (47). This is not the situation when the girls are forced to have a celebration against their will. The Quinceanera is not a way of showing off the families â€Å"status†, also it is not an obligation to spend a minimum amount of money on a Quinceanera. The money involved in the Quinceanera doesn’t make the celebration special, the presence of her whole family, all her friends and the fact that it is her celebration should make the occasion a special one. Even though the Quinceanera’s have become more and more expensive over the years and forced many families to â€Å"throw the house out of the window† (54), it is celebrated mainly for the happiness of their daughter. â€Å"We may not be rich but we value our daughter†, a statement made by families; this shows how much the families respect the tradition and still want to continue the ritual even though they are not very rich. Families enjoy throwing huge parties because they want to please their daughter and not the society; after all it’s all about making the young girls celebration memorable. After all of these years of the Quinceanera’s becoming more and more expensive and becoming a way to show off the family’s wealth, the main purpose still is to celebrate the girls coming of age and transformation into the adult life. I feel that the young woman and her family together should decide whether or not the Quinceanera should be celebrated. By reflecting about the ceremony and having the choice to either celebrates it or not also shows a sense of responsibility and maturity.

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Free Essays on Tennyson And Keats

In the early 19th century, the industrial revolution provoked a return to medievalism by the poets and painters of the age. They wrote about the medieval world as idyllic and harmonious – a contrast to their own turbulent century. Although these two poems aren’t entirely idyllic, they are set in the medieval age, and use many similar ideas. The focus was on stories of courtly love, chivalry and tragedy. The two poems I will be comparing are ‘Mariana’ by Alfred Lord Tennyson (1809 – 1892) and ‘La Belle Dame Sans Merci’, by John Keats (1795 – 1821). They tell of love and loss and explore the realm of unrequited love, but in very different ways. Tennyson’s ‘Mariana’ was a character taken from Shakespeare’s ‘Measure for Measure’. She is a young woman, deserted by her lover and left in a ‘lonely moated grange’. The Poem consists of seven 12-line stanzas; the last four lines of each stanza are always the same, with a slight variation in the last stanza. Thus, one third of the poem consists of a repetition of the last four lines. A lament for Mariana’s lost love. ‘She only said, ‘My life is dreary, He cometh not’ she said; She said ‘I am aweary, aweary, I would that I were dead!’’ Tennyson often uses repetition in this poem, not only in order to re-enforce the feelings and emotions of Mariana, as he does above, but also on a smaller scale, in order to make a visual image clearer and stronger. He describes the ‘glooming flats’ as ‘ the level waste, the rounding grey’, forcing the reader to acknowledge, that the gloomy, ‘dreary’ landscape echoes the dreary life that she is living. In his description of Mariana’s surroundings, Tennyson uses the exterior setting, to communicate Mariana’s inner self - to describe her life. This is a Victorian device, called a paysage interieur, the creation of an interior landscape. Alfred Lord Tennyson was one of the ... Free Essays on Tennyson And Keats Free Essays on Tennyson And Keats In the early 19th century, the industrial revolution provoked a return to medievalism by the poets and painters of the age. They wrote about the medieval world as idyllic and harmonious – a contrast to their own turbulent century. Although these two poems aren’t entirely idyllic, they are set in the medieval age, and use many similar ideas. The focus was on stories of courtly love, chivalry and tragedy. The two poems I will be comparing are ‘Mariana’ by Alfred Lord Tennyson (1809 – 1892) and ‘La Belle Dame Sans Merci’, by John Keats (1795 – 1821). They tell of love and loss and explore the realm of unrequited love, but in very different ways. Tennyson’s ‘Mariana’ was a character taken from Shakespeare’s ‘Measure for Measure’. She is a young woman, deserted by her lover and left in a ‘lonely moated grange’. The Poem consists of seven 12-line stanzas; the last four lines of each stanza are always the same, with a slight variation in the last stanza. Thus, one third of the poem consists of a repetition of the last four lines. A lament for Mariana’s lost love. ‘She only said, ‘My life is dreary, He cometh not’ she said; She said ‘I am aweary, aweary, I would that I were dead!’’ Tennyson often uses repetition in this poem, not only in order to re-enforce the feelings and emotions of Mariana, as he does above, but also on a smaller scale, in order to make a visual image clearer and stronger. He describes the ‘glooming flats’ as ‘ the level waste, the rounding grey’, forcing the reader to acknowledge, that the gloomy, ‘dreary’ landscape echoes the dreary life that she is living. In his description of Mariana’s surroundings, Tennyson uses the exterior setting, to communicate Mariana’s inner self - to describe her life. This is a Victorian device, called a paysage interieur, the creation of an interior landscape. Alfred Lord Tennyson was one of the ...

International Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

International Business - Essay Example who pointed to the small current-trade between Canada and Mexico, Mexican competition with Canadian goods in US markets and the supposed failure of the then existing Canadian-US trade agreement. Today, after sixteen years does the Canadian experience confirm the fears of the critics or did NAFTA live up to the expectations? For Canada, the NAFTA is an improvement on its previous trade agreement with the United States – the Canada-US Free Trade Agreement (CUFTA) - in a number of respects. Canada now has an extension of duty drawbacks and greater discipline over standards, which should reduce border conflicts with the US. I would like to underscore, as well that the best part of the agreement in my opinion is that Canada, along with the US and Mexico have the same low or zero most favored nation tariff on imports such as computers. This old custom union model has huge advantages because rules of origin are not required for trade in that product within the union. In addition, Canada also reaps some benefits in the area of agriculture. Between 1991 and 2002, Canadian exports absorbed by the United States rose from 39 to 67 percent. (Volrath 2004) The Canadian oil is also gobbled up exclusively by the United States along with its underlying strategic political mileage for the country. On the economic side, investments also poured in, particularly those from foreign companies who want to access the NAFTA market. In a way, this fact provides an argument against those NAFTA critics who argue that investment is lost to Mexico due to cheap labor. As it is, there are countries and firms who prefer Canada over Mexico because the country’s labor pool is skilled and educated; and over the US, because of the appeal of lower costs and a moderate tax regime. This is underscored by the tremendous rise in the foreign direct investment in the country. Annual figures during the first seven years of NAFTA reflected an average of $21.4 billion investment s for the country, almost

The Adjusting Process discussion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Adjusting Process discussion - Assignment Example In certain cases, the records are not reorganized except at the closing stages of the period. The adjustments are updated because certain expenses are never recorded on a daily basis, certain revenues and operating expense are acquired as business transpires rather than as a detached transaction and certain revenues and operating costs may not be recorded. The four categories of accounts that require adjusting entries include; prepaid expenses, accrued expenses, unearned revenues and accrued revenues (Warren, Carl, James, and Jonathan 105). In accordance to ethics, there are dictations that a commodity ought to have a precise date by which money ought to be recompensed to the buyer in cases where the commodity has not been utilized as a charge up to the moment it is either utilized or recompensed. This means that the gift card ought to have an expiry date to ensure that fairness is dictated. A gift card assures that the buyer’s money is not used up at the same situate where they purchased the card. The implications are that accounting for the cards transaction offers an evolving reporting for vendors. The accounting for the previous transaction for the cards cannot reveal any reputed worth but rather a legal responsibility for overdue profits and the unused cost creates problems in

Human Resource Management (HRM) in Cement Industry

Human Resource Management (HRM) in Cement Industry In this research we are trying our best to provide a framework to optimally utilize the valuable manpower resource. 1.10 CORE VALUES OF LUCKY CEMENT LIMITED (2009) At Lucky Cement we comprehend our core values to be the most significant factor leading to the existence and growth of this prestigious organization. How we accomplish our mission is as vital as the mission itself. Thus these values are not only on paper and pen but lounge deep in the heart of each individual working or associated with lucky cement. These values are reflected within the name of LUCKY itself: They are as follows. L = LEADERSHIP We dont just innovate industry practices we are defining the way business will be done in the future. We are pioneers. U = UNDERSTANDING Whereby we understand the demands of cement industry at a global level, parallel to the needs of people, associated with us in one way or the other. C = COMMITMENT One word that sums it all at Lucky Cement is the commitment of people to quality, relationship and most importantly our customers, who can never be disappointed at any cost. K = KONSTANT The most important element to balance any equation worldwide, at Lucky Cement we assign the value of Konstant with consistency of profits, as profits are required to sustain and grow any organization. They are in-turn the ultimate measure of efficiency. Y = YOU This attitude is a built-in character. At lucky cement we always maintain, You first, Me last approach, not only to please but to delight our employees, shareholders, customers, and all the other people who expect a result from Lucky Cement. Lucky Cement Ltd produces 25000 tons of cement per day with about 4000 employees working in this industry. This industry plays an important role in a sustained economic growth of the country. Sponsored by well known Yunus Brothers Group one of the largest export houses of Pakistan, Lucky Cement Limited currently has the capacity of producing 25,000 tons per day of dry process Cement. Lucky Cement came into existence in 1996 with a daily production capacity of 4,200 tons per day, currently is an omnipotent cement plant of Pakistan, and rated amongst the few best plants in Asia. With production facilities in Pezu (Production capacity: 13,000 Tons per day) as well as in Karachi (Production capacity: 12,000 tons per day), it has the tendency to become the hub of cement production in Asia (2009) Lucky Cement Limited is managed by the team of professionals, who are committed and dedicated to fulfill the mission and vision of the organization. Two production plants and five marketing offices are managed by the staff strength of then 1800 permanent employees throughout Pakistan. Production Sales Volume Performance: During the year under review, our Company achieved all time high volume of production and sales as enumerated in the table below: A comparative analysis of sales volume of the industry vis-à  -vis our Company is as The analysis of the market share of Our Company is as under: Financial Performance: A comparison of the key financial results of Our Company for the year ended June 30, 2008 with the same period last year is as under: Sales Performance During the year under review our company achieved an overall net sales revenue growth of 35.43% as compared to same period last year. Increase in revenue was attributed due to both increases in volume by 19.75% and net retention by 15.68%. Our Company continued to focus more on exports because of strong establishment of its brand in various export markets with higher retention margins. The domestic sales registered a negative growth of 6.38% because of higher exports made by the company which registered a growth of 116.29%. The ratio of sales revenue from exports was 54.43% whereas the local sales accounted for 45.57% during the financial year under review. The average combined net retention prices per ton improved by 13.10% over the comparative period last year. The prices in the international markets remained robust whereas the prices in the domestic market were under pressure, however in the last quarter the prices started increasing because of substantial increase in production c ost coupled with duties and taxes increased by the Government in federal budget Cost of Sales The major cost of production for cement manufacturing is the energy cost which constitutes 68.77% of the total cost of production. The energy cost is further divided into heat energy and power energy which constitutes 44.12% and 24.65% respectively of the total cost of production. As a matter of fact, the international prices of coal and oil have increased manifold during the year under review which have badly affected the cost of production both in Pakistan and abroad. The international prices of coal were approximately US$ 80 per ton by end of last year which has now increased to US$ 210 per ton by the year ended June 30, 2008. The prices of furnace oil have also increased tremendously which have also affected the cost of production. Except loose cement sales, the cement is packed either in paper bags or polypropylene bags. The increase in the prices of paper and the polypropylene in the international markets have also increased the cost of cement bags substantially. Similarly, the other cost factors have been increased either because of inflation, oil prices and depreciation of Pak Rupee for imported items. We are pleased to report that, our Company has taken various measures to mitigate the impact of increase in cost of production. Resultantly, the production cost per ton of our Company was only increased by 18.89%. Gross Profit Our Company achieved a gross profit rate of 25.73% for the year ended June 30, 2008 compared to 29.35% gross profit rate achieved same period last year. However, the gross profit in term of absolute value was increased by 18.71% because of the volumetric growth. Finance Costs The finance costs was reduced substantially from Rs.186 per ton last year to Rs.23 per ton during the year ended June 30, 2008 mainly because of interest rates hedging executed by the Company by entering into cross currency swaps agreements with the banks. These hedging transactions allowed the company to offset positive interest differential between KIBOR and LIBOR against the total financing cost of the Company. On the other hand, these swaps exposed the Company to currency risk for depreciation of Pak Rupee but at the same time ever increasing exports of the Company provided a natural hedge against these swaps transactions to mitigate the currency risk. As you know the economic and political scenario of the Country started deteriorating from November 2007 resultantly the Pak Rupee lost almost 12% of its value by June 30, 2008 as compared to June 30, 2007. Due to the depreciation of Pak Rupee our Company on the one hand incurred exchange loss of Rs.800.359 million on cross currency swap but on the other hand realized exchange gain of Rs.277.816 million on realization of GDR proceeds and export sales. Distribution Costs Distribution costs incurred by the Company were in-line with the increase in the volume of export sales. The percentage of distribution costs to net export sales was 12.51% for the year ended June 30, 2008 compared to 11.66% last year. Deferred Taxation During the year under review, the deferred tax provision amounted to Rs.456.53 million was reversed out of the total provision of Rs.1,515.54 million created in prior years due to higher ratio of local sales. Since the ratio of exports has increased which are covered under presumptive tax regime on which no deferred tax provision is required, therefore to that extent deferred tax was reversed. Contribution to the National Exchequer Our Company contributed a total amount of Rs.3.907 billion (2007: Rs.4.137 billion) to the Government Treasury in shape of taxes, levies, excise duty and sales tax. In addition to that our Company earned precious foreign exchange of approximate US$ 150 million during the year under review from exports besides bringing foreign investment of US$ 109 million against the issuance of GDRs in the international market. We briefly describe the problem at hand in the following paragraphs. 1.20 The Problem Domain This research work is concerned with adaptation of Optimization Techniques to utilize the manpower resources in a best possible way in cement industries with reference to Lucky Cement Ltd, Pezu, Pakistan. In this research we are trying our best to develop a framework how to utilize the manpower resources optimally in industrial sector, especially in cement industries. Literature review reveals that no exact attempt has been made by researchers, although much relative work has been done in one or in the other form. 1.30 Aims and Objectives The basic objectives of the research work can be summarized as below: To develop a questionnaire for finding decision-making parameters along with their weights To prepare a group of models that can depict the research work clearly To validate the Symbolic Model through test data To publish the results of the research work Nationally as well as Internationally Similarly, aims of this study are given as under: To prepare a standard knowledge acquisition tool for facts finding To develop a framework that might work just like a pedagogical device for students as well for researchers To pinpoint the importance of human resource utilization, so that govt. and other organization may know the importance of this valuable resource To prepare a baseline for further research in this field To minimize the cost of production in cement industries To apply the model in other industries 1.4 Scope This study is limited to the application of Optimization Techniques to Manpower resources in cement Industries with respect to Lucky Cement Ltd, Pakistan. However, it can be applied to all cement industries in Pakistan and in the rest of the world. Test data will be chosen from the different plants of Lucky Cement Ltd, Pakistan, which is the largest cement industry in the Asia. This research work is a multidisciplinary approach, which will combine the knowledge of experts of various fields of sciences, like, Management, Economics, Operations Research/Quantitative Techniques, Computer Science, Information System, Decision Theory and Statistics. 1.5 Justification of the Study The whole universe has been created by Almighty Allah for humanity, while human, as stated earlier are given the power of intelligence. So the first and foremost job of human being is to know their importance in the world and how to utilize this most valuable resource. Each and every thing in the universe has some value and importance whether we have knowledge about it or not yet but men have the capability to mobilize the remaining resources of the universe. Intelligence people can utilize these resources in a best possible way to fulfill their unlimited wants. Among all the inputs to any system i.e. Management, Money, Material, Men, Machinery, Mansion, Message etc the most important one is the Man who is responsible to operate and activate these resources economically, efficiently and effectively to achieve maximum utility. That is why when managerial staff makes rational decisions; right information at the right time and in right form is required to them. Hence research is required to find out ways and means of optimum utilization of the manpower resource in the industrial sector in general and in cement industries as special. Literature Review Manpower planning is truly an interdisciplinary activity rooted in such diverse fields as economics, psychology, law and public administration, industrial relations, computer science, and operations research. National manpower planning is the integral portion of macro-economic planning which attempts to achieve maximum utilization of human resources in terms of societal goals (Bib09). The closest reference to the expression optimal utilization of resources is value-for-money. According to this universally-recognized concept, all business processes are characterized by the use of a group of inputs (resources), which are transformed (activities) into outputs (results). The optimization of resources is based on three characteristics: economy, effectiveness and efficiency. The economy of resources consists of acquiring resources of the required quality, at a reasonable cost and in a timely manner. The effectiveness of resources is aimed at ensuring the adequacy of resources relative to business needs and their appropriate use. The efficiency of resources is measured by the attainment of an organizations business objectives (Bettm). Various optimization techniques for Integrated Renewable Energy Sources have been reported in the literature like: (i) Linear Programming (LP) (ii) Geometric Programming (GMP) (iii) Integer Programming (IP) (iv) Dynamic Programming (DP) (v) Stochastic Programming (St P) (vi) Quadratic Programming (QP) (vii) Separable Programming (Se P); (viii) Multi-objective Programming (MOP); (ix) Goal Programming (GP); (x) HOMER; (xi) VIPOR; and (xii) Hybrid 2, etc (A.K. Akella, M.P. Sharma and R.P. Saini, 2007). In the USA, for example, the Presidents Commission on National Goals issued the following list with its attendant implications for manpower needs: improved living standard, capital expansion with emphasis on transportation and utilities, urban development, social welfare, health coverage, education, transportation, national defense, research and development increases, international aid, space exploration, agriculture, manpower retraining, area redevelopment to promote full employment in regionally depressed regions, and development of natural resources (Bib09). Boxall, Purcell, and Wright distinguish among three major subfields of human resource management (HRM): micro HRM (MHRM), strategic HRM (SHRM), and international HRM (IHRM). Micro HRM covers the sub functions of HR policy and practice and consists of two main categories: one with managing individuals and small groups (e.g., recruitment, selection, induction, training and development, performance management, and remuneration) and the other with managing work organization and employee voice systems (including union-management relations). Strategic HRM covers the overall HR strategies adopted by business units and companies and tries to measure their impacts on performance (Mark L. Lengnick-Hall, Cynthia A. Lengnick-Hall, Leticia S. Andrade, Brian Drake, 2009). Broadly stated, manpower planning is the process to ensure that the right people are at the right place at the right time in sufficient numbers to efficiently accomplish anticipated tasks. Indeed, the field can be viewed as embracing information systems, management participation, and mathematical modeling largely represented by the disciplines of computer science, organization theory, behavioral science, and operations research (Bib09). Strategic human resource management (SHRM) focuses on aligning internally consistent human resource management (HRM) practices to build employees knowledge, skills, and abilities in an effort to support competitive strategies and achieve business objectives. SHRM is gaining increasing importance because strategic management, in a knowledge-based economy, emphasizes that employees are considered to be a primary component for attaining a competitive advantage. SHRM is gaining increasing importance because strategic management, in a knowledge-based economy, emphasizes that employees are considered to be a primary component for attaining a competitive advantage HRM practices create procedures that institutionalize the building of employees knowledge, skills, and abilities throughout the organization to promote valued, unique, and difficult to imitate organizational competencies which support competitive advantage (James D. Werbel, Samuel M. DeMarie, 2005). Project scheduling techniques under human resource constraints are referenced with the objective of minimizing project duration, and a proper human resource allocation algorithm standing on multi-project scheduling, with a heuristic procedure for searching out approximate optimal allocation, is adopted. A forward/backward scheduling technique is the primary allocation algorithm; it evaluates maximal and minimal labor power allocations for activities (al., 2006). Analysts develop strategy for allocating limited manpower resources based on command priorities, historical utilization data, and analysis of mission and functions. Analysts should have thorough knowledge of the Planning, Programming, Budgeting and Execution System (PPBES) documents or systems, the Structure and Manpower Allocation System (SAMAS), command plan, and TAADS for use in distributing and tracking approved allocations by budget program and organization (Man09). 2.1 Welcome to the global village MIS Theres no doubt that the world of work as we know it is rapidly changing. Even as little as fifteen years ago, the times were calmer than they are today. Back in 1973, with the first oil embargo, U.S. businesses began to realize the important effects that international forces had on profit and lost statements. The world was changing rapidly, with other countries making significant inroads into traditional U.S. markets. Unfortunately, U.S. business did not adapt to this changing environment as quickly or adeptly as they should have. The result was that U.S. Businesses lost out in the world markets and have had to fight much harder to get in. Only by the late 1980s done U.S businesses begin to get the message. But when they did, they aggressively began to improve production standards, focusing more on quality and preparing employees for the global village (The production and marketing of goods services worldwide). It is on this latter point that human resources will have the biggest effect (David A. Decenzo and Stephen P. Robbins, 2002). Computer and information Technology has converted the world into a globe and definitions of different terminologies have been changed such as: Market was defined as a place where two parties comes and make transaction, but due to Internet, no place is required for dealing making transactions. Every thing can be made at home i.e. purchasing, selling, bank transactions etc. T. Lucey (Lucey, 1991-1992) define MIS as The combination of human computer-based resources that results in the collection, storage, retrieval, communication use of data for the purpose of efficient management of operations for business planning (Lucey, 1991-1992). 2.2 Problems with MIS: In developing countries such as Pakistan, Different problems are faced during improvement in any field with respect to MIS. T. Lucy generalized all the problems in to six categories (Lucey, 1991-1992) Lack of management involvement with design of MIS; Narrow and /or inappropriate emphasis of the computer system; Undue concentration on low level data processing application particularly in accounting area Lack of knowledge management of computers; Poor appreciation by information specialists of managements true information requirements and of organizational problems; Lack of top management support; 2.3 Knowledge Requirements for MIS: As there are new concepts techniques are developed and also developing with respect to the solution of the problems. T. Lucey figure out the major areas of knowledge with respect to development operation of MIS (Lucey, 1991-1992). General Systems Concepts Management Functions Levels The Nature of Data Information Communications The Influence Of Information Technology Planning Decision Making Methods Techniques Control Principals Feedback Feed forward Organizational Structures and Processes Knowledge Requirements for the Development   Operation of MIS T. Lucey also describes the information system in outline as shown in the figure (Lucey, 1991-1992); Data Capture Data Data Processing File Storage Processed Data Data Communication Processed Data Users Users Processing/ Understanding Users Memory/Knowledge base I Information Actions/ Decisions/ Changes etc Information System in Outline Mehmet describes and evaluates seven methods of fore-casting requirements by industry and occupation: Econometric method Productivity method Trend projection method Employers survey method Method of forecasting specialized manpower requirements inter-area comparisons method Elasticity of factor substitutions method. (O., 1965) Ahamad and Blaug (Ahmad B. and Blaug M.) point out that manpower forecasting is still in its infancy yielding crude and often useless results. All too many models are still based on the woefully lacking fixed-coefficient approach pioneered by Fames utilizing productivity, education and participation ratios. The predominantly demand-oriented approach, the assumption that ratios are independent of technological growth, changes in industry output and education standards, and the failure to accommodate substitution effects have contributed to make the models suspect as serious undertakings (S, 1962). Broadly stated, manpower planning is the process to ensure that the right people are at the right place at the right time in sufficient numbers to efficiently accomplish anticipated tasks (E.W., 1967). Wlkstrom (W.D, 1971) identifies seven contributing factors: Rapidity of technological change. long lead time for training and development, tight labor market, demographic changes (e.g., lower birthrate during depression produced decrease in 35-44 age group), manpower coming to be viewed as critical corporate resource, government influence through programs and contracts, Manpower planning is becoming accepted as integral part of corporate planning. The last point only serves to attest to the complexity of manpower planning as an integral component of corporate planning a vast and ill-defined field in its own right. As Lorange (Lorange.P, October 30 November 2, 1974) comments in his survey: I am left with the uncomfortable feeling that somehow it is difficult to fit the bits and pieces together. There seems to be considerable lack of consensus in the literature when it comes to such central issues as the nature of planning systems, what constitutes relevant empirical areas of research, etc. Also, the common vocabulary seems to be surprisingly small and too often lacks adequate definitions. The research design frequently seems to be sloppy, particularly in neglecting to state assumptions when limit the universality of the sample. 2.4 Models: There are different models that are used for planning and decision making. T. Lucey Defined the model in simple words Model is any simplified abstract of reality. It may be physical object such as architectural scale model or it may be what is termed as symbolic model. These are representation of reality in numeric, algebraic, symbolic or graphical form. Business model are symbolic models which represent the organization operations by set of logically linked arithmetic algebraic statements. These models are used to enhance a manager analytical ability. T. Lucy broadly classified the models used for management purpose (Lucey, 1991-1992). Computer Based Management Models Simulation Models -Enable Different Conditions to be Explored Optimization Models -e.g. Linear Programming (Useful for deriving the best solution in certain structured Probabilistic Models -Incorporate Uncertainty by Allowing Multi-Point Estimates Deterministic Models -Assume Certainty by using single point Estimates decisions usually at Tactical operational Levels) (Useful for Exploring Risk Uncertainty and Complex Relationships Provide answers to What If? Questions can be useful at all levels) 2.5 Model Development: According to T. Lucey To develop a model which is realistic and has adequate predictive qualities is a collaborative effort between management and information specialists (Lucey, 1991-1992). He Key points are: The model should have a purpose and be objective oriented. Model building is an iterative, creative process with the aim of identifying those variable and relationships which must be included in the model so that it is capable of predicting overall system performance. It is not essential or indeed possible, to including all variables in a model. The variables in a model of greatest importance are those which govern, to a greater or less extent, the achievement of the specified objectives. These are the critical variables. The best model is the simplest one with the fewest variables that has adequate predictive qualities. To obtain this ideal there must be a thorough understanding of the system. The management who operate the system have this understanding and must be involved in the model building, otherwise over elaborate and overly mathematical models may result if the model building exercise is left to systems professionals. OR Systems Expertise Model Development System being Studied, including Management and Personnel, Physical Resources, Inputs and Outputs etc Model Objectives Management Know How Raw Data Model Validation and Testing Implementation Of Decisions Management Review of Model Results Processing of Model Management Model Results Decisions Optimization: James. O Brien defined optimization as It is a process of finding optimum value for one or more target variables, given certain constraints. Then one or more other variables are changed repeatedly, subject to the specified constraints, until the best value for the target variable are discovered (O Brien). Mer P. Martin define optimizing as The process of seeking the best possible choice (C Merk P. Martin, 1991) Purkiss (Purkiss) developed a linear programming (LP) model for hiring, firing, and redeployment of workers in the British Steel Industry. Assuming constant flow rates, his model minimized manning costs (over manning, under manning, and current level). Purkiss acknowledged the difficulty of determining cost coefficients and agreed that it is preferable to have hierarchically structured sub-objectives. Morgan (RW) proposes an LP model for the Royal Air Force in which he minimizes costs associated with recruitment (advertising and training) , redundancy, over manning, and pensions by controlling manning levels, promotions and redundancies subject to establishment and flow constraints. While it might seem to the uninitiated reader the LP models currently dominate the field, this is not necessarily the case. In many instances, aggregated simulation models precede more complex work. Another approach is entity simulation modeling in which individual records are stochastically aged during a simulated time horizon (Piskor, 1976). 2.7 Reasons for Using Models T. Lucey summarized the reasons into three main categories (Lucey, 1991-1992); The model is cheaper. Study and redesign. Specialized assistance. Research Methodology The plan of the study has the following stages: Problem Identification Development of a Questionnaire, Data Gathering Data Analysis Data Modeling Testing and Results Publication of Results Documentation Data Collection Analysis The expected results of this study may be: A data gathering tool in the form of a Questionnaire A group of models, like, Conceptual Model, Physical Model, Symbolic Model etc Results and Information for Decision Making Thesis and results Publications